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These strategies have been observed in Western as well as non-western cultures. Gross (1998b) identified several emotion regulation strategies: situation selection, situation modification, attentional deployment, cognition change (antecedent-focused emotion regulation strategies) and response modulation (response-focused emotion regulation strategy). Emotion Regulation: Strategies and Cultural Variation The goal of the present study is to identify – through qualitative analysis- cultural rules about emotion regulation in Ghana using a widely used (in Ghana), symbolic cultural artifact that is an important component of everyday discourse, socialization, and intergenerational value transmission ( Brookman-Amissah, 1986) the proverb. In such settings, a better approach may be to target the symbolism through which the cultural rules are communicated. This may be particularly true of cultural contexts such as Ghana, where in contrast to many North American settings, the preferred communication style is high context ( Hall, 1992) indirectness and symbolism rather than explicit communication is common ( Copeland and Griggs, 1986 Yankah, 1995) emotion is considered less important to attend to in everyday life ( Dzokoto, 2010) and emotion discourse in the description of emotionally significant positive and negative life events is less elaborate (in terms of total number of emotion words used) ( Dzokoto et al., 2013). Because cultural rules are not routinely explicit, it is often difficult to access cultural expectations and preferred practices concerning emotion display and regulation by directly asking participants of the culture what the rules are. Cultural context has been shown to impact emotion at both of these stages (e.g., Davis et al., 2012 Matsumoto and Juang, 2013 Ma et al., 2017). These changes are generally either antecedent-focused or response-focused ( Gross, 1998a, 2002), meaning emotions can be modified both before and after their initiation ( Liverant et al., 2008). The adaptation and modification of emotion comprises a heterogeneous set of processes involving changes in the experiential, behavioral, and physiological responses associated with an emotion ( Gross and John, 2003). Emotion regulation - the ability to manage and modify one’s emotional experiences and expressions ( Matsumoto, 2006) - is thus important in everyday life. Humans experience and express emotion in order to react to, interface with, and adapt to the physical and social environment. In general, Akan emotion-related proverbs stress individual-level responsibility for affect regulation in interpersonal interactions and societal contexts. Additional themes including: social context influences on the expression and experience of emotion expectations of emotion limits as well as the nature of emotions were present in the proverb collection. A subset of proverbs addressed emotion display rules restricting the expression of emotions such as pride, and emotional contagion associated with emotions such as shame. Emotion-focused proverbs highlighted four emotion regulation strategies: change in cognition, response modulation, situation modification, and situation selection. Of the identified proverbs, a focus on negative emotions was most typical. The current study thematically analyzed an Akan proverb compendium for proverbs containing emotion references. Proverbs are widely used by the Akan of West Africa. 6Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong.5Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
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